Abstract
The pollination and the breeding system of Epidendrum densiflorum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) were studied through fieldwork and controlled pollinations in cultivated plants. Pollination is exclusively promoted by males of diurnal Lepidoptera: five species of Arctiinae and four of Ithomiinae were recorded as pollinators. These male insects are known to obtain alkaloids (through the nectar) in flowers of Asteraceae and Boraginaceae. However, the flowers of E. densiflorum are nectarless, despite presenting a cuniculus (a likely nectariferous cavity). Pollinators insert their proboscides into the flowers and remove or deposit the pollinaria while searching for nectar. The floral tube is very narrow, and insects struggle for up to 75 min to get rid of the flowers. Plants are pollinator-dependent and nearly fully self-incompatible. Pollinarium removal, pollination, and fruiting success (2.85%) were very low; facts that are consistent with the patterns globally observed in deceptive (rewardless) orchids. Nilsson's male efficiency factor (0.245) was also low, indicating pollen loss in the system. Based on our field observations, we suggest that the fragrance of E. densiflorum likely mimics these plants that are normally used as a source of alkaloids by male Lepidoptera, a hypothesis that we intend to test in the future.