Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of foliar application of protein biostimulants in combination with extracts from field horsetail (E. arvense L.), common tansy (T. vulgare L.), or yarrow (A. millefolium L.) on winter wheat. Initially, the fungistatic activity and phytotoxicity of three extract concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%) were tested on reference plants. The average results indicated a decrease in root elongation stimulation with increasing concentrations of all extracts. Antimicrobial tests revealed that the 5% and 10% extracts exhibited the strongest activity, especially against S. griseus, whereas the 1% extracts showed no inhibitory effect. The 5% concentration was chosen as optimal due to its comparable efficacy to a reference fungicide. Subsequently, the impact of combining foliar application of extracts with protein biostimulants on wheat seedling and root length, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and soil dehydrogenase activity was analyzed. Horsetail and yarrow extracts combined with biostimulants improved plant growth, depending on dose and combination. This was particularly evident for variants S5-B8, K5-B4, K5-B8, A-B8, for which seedling lengths were 23.6 cm (16.8%), 24.4 cm (20.8%), 23.9 cm (18.3%), and 23.6 cm (16.8%), respectively. The maximum increase in chlorophyll (a + b) content (38.30%, 35.81%, and 41.24%) occurred in plants treated with S5-B4, K5-B8, and A-B4, respectively, compared with non-treated plants. In contrast, tansy extracts reduced chlorophyll content (by up to 78%) and induced moderate stress. The research highlights the potential of natural fungicides to protect plants effectively while minimizing environmental and human health risks compared to conventional chemicals.