Abstract
Many specialized metabolites found in plants have significant potential for developing environmentally friendly weed management solutions. This review focuses on the phytotoxic effects of volatile terpenes and phenolic compounds, particularly nepetalactone, an iridoid monoterpenoid from Nepeta species, and phloretin, a dihydrochalcone predominantly found in the genus Malus. We highlight current findings on their herbicidal effects, including morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses in target plants. These results underscore their potential for developing sustainable herbicides that could control weeds with minimal environmental impact. We also discuss their soil persistence and methods to enhance their solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. Additionally, the possible effects on non-target organisms, such as pollinators, non-pollinating insects, and soil microbiota, are considered. However, further research and a deeper understanding of their long-term ecological impact, along with a resistance development risk assessment, is essential for the potential development of bioherbicides that could be applied in sustainable weed management practices.