Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) is a type of calcium phosphate bioceramic and an important intermediate in biological mineralization. It is biocompatible, non-toxic, and osteoconductive, which makes it an attractive material for biomedical applications. Synthetic beta calcium pyrophosphate (β-CPP), used for biomedical applications, is usually obtained by the heat treatment of orthophosphates with a molar ratio of calcium/phosphate (Ca/P)=1. This systematic review aims to investigate the application of CPP for bone regeneration. The research included in vivo studies conducted in this field over the past 50 years. An advanced search was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. Numerous preclinical animal trials have been conducted over the past 50 years to evaluate the use of CPP in the form of granules or porous scaffolds. The study models used were rabbits, dogs, and rats. It was suggested that β-CPP is a biocompatible, absorbable, and osteoconductive material that can be a good alternative to hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The published results are promising but insufficient and do not allow for drawing a definitive conclusion on whether CPP can be used as an alternative to HA and β-TCP in bone regenerative therapy.