Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable and autonomous monitoring solutions in critical infrastructure has driven interest in Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) systems. This paper presents an analytical and experimental framework for designing energy-efficient, self-sustaining pipeline monitoring systems that leverage renewable energy harvesting and low-power operation techniques. We propose a hybrid approach combining solar energy harvesting with energy-saving strategies such as adaptive sensing, duty cycling, and distributed computing to extend the lifetime of IoT nodes without human intervention. Using real-world irradiance data and energy profiling from a prototype testbed, we analyze the impact of solar panel sizing, energy storage capacity, energy-saving strategies, and energy leakage on the energy balance of IoT nodes. The simulation results show that, with optimal dimensioning, harvested solar energy can sustain pipeline monitoring operations over multi-year periods, even under variable environmental conditions. We investigated the influence of design parameters such as duty cycling, solar panel area, the capacity of the energy storage system, and the energy leakage coefficient on energy performance metrics such as the autonomy or lifetime of the node (time required to drain all the stored energy), which is an important design object. This framework provides practical design insights for the scalable deployment of G-IoT systems in energy-constrained outdoor environments.