Abstract
Cell migration occurs throughout development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, as well as in diseases such as cancer. Cells migrate along two-dimensional (2D) surfaces or interfaces, within microtracks, or in confining three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices. Although the basic mechanisms of 2D migration are known, recent studies have elucidated unexpected migration behaviors associated with more complex substrates and have provided insights into their underlying molecular mechanisms. Studies using engineered biomaterials for 3D culture and microfabricated channels to replicate cell confinement observed in vivo have revealed distinct modes of migration. Across these contexts, the mechanical features of the surrounding microenvironment have emerged as major regulators of migration. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we describe physiological contexts wherein 2D and 3D cell migration are essential, report how mechanical properties of the microenvironment regulate individual and collective cell migration, and review the mechanisms mediating these diverse modes of cell migration.