Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vestibular stimulation (semicircular canals/utricles) compared to cochlear stimulation on phantom pain and depersonalization/derealization symptoms after ≥3 months since traumatic amputation of hand-finger(s). Methods: A total of 125 adults (38.2 ± 8.1 years old) with phantom pain after amputation of one to four fingers agreed to participate. None of them wore prosthetic devices or had history of otology/audiology/vestibular/neurology/rheumatology/orthopedic/psychiatry disorders or psychopharmacological treatment. After a preliminary assessment, in a random order, they were exposed to caloric stimulation (right/left 44 °C/30 °C), centrifuge (right/left), and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TOAEs, right/left) with a follow-up of three days in between. Immediately before and after each stimulus, they reported on their pain characteristics and depersonalization/derealization symptoms. Results: After vestibular stimulation, a decrease in pain intensity was reported by at least one-third of the participants, which persisted for at least one day in the majority of them. Less than one-sixth of the participants reported pain decrease after cochlear stimulation. No influence was observed based on the side of the stimulation or the temperature, but the stimuli sequence had an effect. The centrifuge and TOAE effects were related to anxiety/depression symptoms and mainly observed when they were the first stimulus used. After caloric stimulation, pain decrease was independent from the sequence of the stimuli, and it was related to reports of feeling estrangement from the body. Conclusions: Mild caloric vestibular stimulation, whether applied to the right or left side and using warm or cold temperature, can modulate phantom pain after amputation of hand-finger(s) in patients with altered bodily sensations. However, individual cofactors may influence one's susceptibility to experiencing this effect.