Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of end-stage kidney disease, the number of patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) continues to rise. While life-sustaining, HD is often associated with adverse effects such as muscle loss, physical deconditioning, fatigue, and compromised health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Recent research suggests that intradialytic exercise (IDE) and home-based exercise (HBE) may mitigate these adverse effects and improve patient outcomes. However, the existing literature mainly focuses on the outcomes of both exercises, whereas the comparison of types is often omitted. Hence, this review consolidates findings from studies investigating the effectiveness, implementation, safety, feasibility, and adherence of different types of IDE and HBE in HD patients. Overall, the current literature bolsters the significance of IDE and HBE for improving health in HD patients. IDE and HBE enhance physical function, cardiopulmonary capacity, HRQoL, and cognitive well-being. Some research proposed an indirect link between IDE and survival rates. Despite these benefits, challenges remain in implementing these exercise modalities, including patient adherence and the feasibility of routine exercise during HD sessions. Integrating these exercises into routine care allows healthcare providers to enhance outcomes for HD patients. Further research is suggested to optimize exercise protocols and explore long-term effects and cost-effectiveness.