Abstract
The search continues for improved therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (aLL), the most common malignancy in children. Recently, D,L-methadone was put forth as sensitizer for aLL chemotherapy. However, the specific target of D,L-methadone in leukemic cells and the mechanism by which it induces leukemic cell apoptosis remain to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that D,L-methadone induces leukemic cell apoptosis through activation of the mu1 subtype of opioid receptors (OPRM1). D,L-Methadone evokes IP3R-mediated ER Ca(2+) release that is inhibited by OPRM1 loss. In addition, the rate of Ca(2+) extrusion following D,L-methadone treatment is reduced, but is accelerated by loss of OPRM1. These D,L-methadone effects cause a lethal rise in [Ca(2+)](i) that is again inhibited by OPRM1 loss, which then prevents D,L-methadone-induced apoptosis that is associated with activation of calpain-1, truncation of Bid, cytochrome C release, and proteolysis of caspase-3/12. Chelating intracellular Ca(2+) with BAPTA-AM reverses D,L-methadone-induced apoptosis, establishing a link between the rise in [Ca(2+)](i) and D,L-methadone-induced apoptosis. Altogether, our findings point to OPRM1 as a specific target of D,L-methadone in leukemic cells, and that OPRM1 activation by D,L-methadone disrupts IP3R-mediated ER Ca(2+) release and rate of Ca(2+) efflux, causing a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) that upregulates the calpain-1-Bid-cytochrome C-caspase-3/12 apoptotic pathway.