Abstract
While the content of subjective (personal) experience is inaccessible to external observers, behavioral proxies can frame the nature of that experience and suggest its cognitive requirements. Directed attention is widely recognized as a feature of animal awareness. This descriptive study used the frequency of gaze shifts in lizards and birds as an indicator of the rate at which the animals change the perceptual segmentation of their ongoing experience. Most lizards are solitary, with social interactions limited to territorial defense and mating. Many are sit-and-wait insectivores that intersperse active foraging with long periods of sedentary activity. Others actively seek encounters with prey, either randomly (teiids) or through strategies indicative of intelligent planning (varanids). Birds typically change the direction of their attention five times faster than lizards while displaying more behavioral complexity and variety. A number of interspecies differences among both lizards and birds were observed in this study, consistent with the view that subjective experience varies uniquely across lifestyles, ecology, and phylogeny. These differences constitute variations in the structure of perceptual experience and could serve as probes for investigating neural correlates of animal consciousness.