Abstract
p21-Activated kinase 4 (PAK4), one of the serine/threonine kinases activated by Rho-family GTPases, has been widely studied as an oncogenic protein that is overexpressed in many types of cancers. In our recent study, PAK4 upregulation was observed in mice exhibiting hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and in liver transplantation patients. Liver I/R injury was also attenuated in Pak4 KO mice. Herein, we report a novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives of type I ½ PAK4 inhibitors. The most potent compound SPA7012 was evaluated to determine the pharmacological potential of PAK4 inhibitor in I/R injury in mice. Mice with I/R injury showed typical patterns of liver damage, as demonstrated by increases in serum levels of aminotransferases and proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration, relative to sham mice. Conversely, intraperitoneal administration of SPA7012 dramatically attenuated biochemical and histopathologic changes. Mechanistically, stabilisation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of anti-oxidative response, was observed following SPA7012 treatment. SPA7012 treatment in primary hepatocytes also attenuated hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced apoptotic cell death and inflammation. Together, these results provide experimental evidence supporting the use of PAK4 inhibitors for alleviation of I/R-induced liver damage.