Abstract
The human prolyl isomerase PIN1, best known for its association with carcinogenesis, has recently been indicated in the disease of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the functions of PIN1 and the feasibility of targeting PIN1 in PDAC remain elusive. For this purpose, we examined the expression of PIN1 in cancer, related paracarcinoma and metastatic cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the associations with the pathogenesis of PDAC in 173 patients. The functional roles of PIN1 in PDAC were explored in vitro and in vivo using both genetic and chemical PIN1 inhibition. We showed that PIN1 was upregulated in pancreatic cancer and metastatic tissues. High PIN1 expression is significantly association with poor clinicopathological features and shorter overall survival and disease-free survival. Further stratified analysis showed that PIN1 phenotypes refined prognostication in PDAC. Inhibition of PIN1 expression with RNA interference or with all trans retinoic acid decreased not only the growth but also the migration and invasion of PDAC cells through regulating the key molecules of multiple cancer-driving pathways, simultaneously resulting in cell cycle arrest and mesenchymal-epithelial transition in vitro. Furthermore, genetic and chemical PIN1 ablation showed dramatic inhibition of the tumorigenesis and metastatic spread and then reduced the tumor burden in vivo. We provided further evidence for the use of PIN1 as a promising therapeutic target in PDAC. Genetic and chemical PIN1 ablation exerted potent antitumor effects through blocking multiple cancer-driving pathways in PDAC. More potent and specific PIN1 targeted inhibitors could be exploited to treat this aggressive cancer.