Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the visual and risk factors associated with postpartum anemia in women treated at Sergio Bernales Hospital, Peru, in 2022, and to evaluate the long-term cognitive impact of anemia in 2025. METHODOLOGY: An observational, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted. Data were collected from 184 medical records of postpartum women. Cognitive function was assessed after nearly three years in 30 postpartum women using a 3D video game based on selective attention and for discussion multitasking paradigms. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and odds ratios (OR) for medical records, and ANOVA for visual attention. RESULTS: Clinical factors such as cesarean delivery (OR = 3.320), uterine atony (OR = 6.120), lack of prenatal care (OR = 9.117), obesity (OR = 7.120), short interpregnancy interval (<3 years, OR = 9.720), and preterm gestational age (OR = 4.530) were strongly associated with postpartum anemia. Cognitive testing revealed significant differences in reaction times between women with and without anemia (Game 1: p = 0.014; Game 2: p < 0.001), indicating a long-term impact on selective attention and multitasking abilities. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for postpartum anemia include cesarean delivery, uterine atony, lack of prenatal care, obesity, intergenesic period <3 years, and preterm gestational age. Cognitive testing nearly three years postpartum in 3D videogames showed significant differences in reaction times, suggesting a long-term impact on cognitive health. More studies are needed to study plasticity and long-term anemia impact.