Abstract
BACKGROUND: The impact of low-normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels and anemia on the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in general populations has rarely been examined. METHODS: 510,620 Korean adults aged 40-80 years without known chronic kidney disease (CKD) underwent health examinations during 2002-2003 and were followed-up until 2013. Incidence of ESRD was identified by hospital discharge and clinical visit records. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 10.5, 575 women and 1047 men were diagnosed with ESRD. Lower Hb levels were associated with an increased risk of ESRD at given severity of albuminuria and at given estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Hb 13-13.9 g/dL in men, Hb 11-11.9 g/dL in women, and trace albuminuria assessed by dipstick urinalysis were associated with more than doubled risk. The risk associated with lower Hb was stronger in older (≥60 years) than younger women. Among 349,993 participants with information on eGFR, the multivariable-adjusted HRs associated with 1 g/dL lower Hb in participants with eGFR values ≥60, 30-59, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.17-1.54), 1.55 (1.38-1.74), and 1.75 (1.47-2.09), respectively (Pinteraction between eGFR groups = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Low-normal Hb levels and anemia are risk factors for ESRD incidence in person without CKD and for CKD progression to ESRD. Lower Hb increases the risk of ESRD through synergistic biological interactions with lower eGFR and albuminuria. The impacts of lower Hb may be stronger in older than younger women. Proper management and screening at earlier stage of Hb decline and anemia might reduce the burden of CKD.