Abstract
BACKGROUND: The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been extensively studied as a biomolecular target for peptide-based radiotheranostics. However, the lack of metabolic stability and the rapid clearance of peptide radioligands, including radiolabeled GRPR-antagonists, often impede clinical application. Aiming at circumventing these drawbacks, we have designed three new GRPR-antagonist radioligands using [(99m)Tc]Tc-DB15 ([(99m)Tc]Tc-N(4)-AMA-DIG-(D)Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Sar-His-Leu-NHEt; AMA: p-aminomethylaniline; DIG: diglycolate) as a motif, due to its high GRPR-affinity and stability to neprilysin (NEP). The new analogues carry the DOTAGA-chelator (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-glutaric acid-4,7,10-triacetic acid) through different linkers at the N-terminus to allow for labeling with the theranostic radionuclide pair In-111/Lu-177. After labeling with In-111 the following radioligands were evaluated: (i) [(111)In]In-AU-SAR-M1 ([(111)In]In-DOTAGA-AMA-DIG-(D)Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Sar-His-Leu-NHEt), (ii) [(111)In]In-AU-SAR-M2 ([(111)In]In-[DOTAGA-Arg]AU-SAR-M1) and (iii) [(111)In]In-AU-SAR-M3 ([(111)In]In-[DOTAGA-(D)Arg]AU-SAR-M1). RESULTS: These radioligands were compared in a series of in vitro assays using prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3 cells and in murine models. They all displayed high and GRPR-specific uptake in PC-3 cells. Analysis of mice blood collected 5 min post-injection (pi) revealed similar or even higher metabolic stability of the new radioligands compared with [(99m)Tc]Tc-DB15. The stability could be further increased when the mice were treated with Entresto® to in situ induce NEP-inhibition. In PC-3 xenograft-bearing mice, [(111)In]In-AU-SAR-M1 displayed the most favourable biodistribution profile, combining a good tumor retention with the highest tumor-to-organ ratios, with the kidneys as the dose-limiting organ. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly point at AU-SAR-M1 as a promising radiotherapeutic candidate when labeled with Lu-177, or other medically appealing therapeutic radiometals, especially when combined with in situ NEP-inhibition. To this goal further investigations are currently pursued.