Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This analysis aimed to provide a mechanistic understanding and an evaluation of the clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) associated with drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2024. METHODS: Drug metabolism, transport, and absorption-based DDI data available in New Drug Applications (NDAs) of small molecular drugs approved (n = 34) was analyzed. The mechanism and clinical outcome of these interactions were characterized based on in vitro, in silico, and clinical data. RESULTS: As objects, 11 drugs were identified as clinical substrates. Of these, 7 drugs were substrates of CYP3A, 3 of CYP2C9, one of CYP1A2, and one of CYP2C8, including the sensitive substrates vanzacaftor (CYP3A) and vorasidenib (CYP1A2). As precipitants, 6 drugs (acoramidis, cefepime/enmetazobactam, givinostat, lazertinib, mavorixafor, and resmetirom) were clinical inhibitors of CYP enzymes (2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A), with mavorixafor being a CYP2D6 strong inhibitor. Two drugs (elafibranor and tovorafenib) showed weak induction of CYP3A. Regarding transporter data, 3 drugs were substrates of transporters, including seladelpar (BCRP and OAT3), sulopenem (OAT3), and vadadustat (OAT1/3), and 8 drugs (arimoclomol, danicopan, givinostat, lazertinib, mavorixafor, resmetirom, vadadustat, and vazacaftor/tezacaftor/deutivacaftor) were inhibitors of transporters. All clinical DDIs with AUC changes ≥ 2-fold triggered labeling recommendations. Several DDIs with an AUC change <2 also had labeling recommendations, pertaining most often to the concomitant use of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanistic DDI insights from newly approved therapies can be extrapolated to inform the management of commonly co-administered drugs, supporting a safer and more effective use of new drug products in the context of polypharmacy.