Abstract
PURPOSE: To develop and validate a multimodal model that integrates radiomics features (RFs) and deep learning features (DFs) derived from preoperative multisequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the prediction of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) in patients with endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study enrolled 892 patients with postoperative pathologically confirmed EC. Preoperative MRI comprised T2-weighted imaging, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficient maps, were analyzed. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually delineated for 2D and 3D analyses. RFs were extracted using PyRadiomics, and DFs were obtained using pretrained VGG 11, ResNet 101, and DenseNet 121 architectures. Five single-modality models (2D-RF, 3D-RF, VGG11-DF, ResNet101-DF, and DenseNet121-DF) were developed. In addition, the integration of RFs and DFs were explored to construct combined models. Models were trained in a training cohort (n = 378) and evaluated in both internal (n = 160) and external (n = 354) validation cohorts. Model performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: In the training cohort, the 2D-RF and 3D-RF models showed comparable performance for LVSI prediction (AUC: 0.775 vs. 0.772, P = 0.89). Among the deep learning models, DenseNet121-DF achieved the highest AUC (0.757), which was significantly higher than ResNet-101-DF (AUC: 0.671; P = 0.01) and not statistically different from VGG11-DF (AUC: 0.720, P = 0.20). The optimal combined model, integrating features from 2D-RF and DenseNet121-DF, yielded the highest performance in the training cohort (AUC: 0.796). These findings were confirmed in both the internal and external validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: A multimodal MRI-based model integrating both RFs and DFs achieved superior performance for noninvasive prediction of LVSI in patients with EC. This approach holds potential to enhance preoperative risk stratification and guide personalized treatment planning.