Abstract
Recent advances in molecular breeding techniques have greatly accelerated the development of improved soybean varieties with enhanced agronomic and nutritional traits. This review summarizes current research on innovative molecular approaches, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, and RNA interference (RNAi) for soybean improvement. Marker-assisted selection using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has facilitated the efficient identification and incorporation of desired traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved seed quality. Genomic selection has improved prediction accuracy for complex quantitative traits such as yield by integrating genome-wide molecular markers with phenotypic data. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has enabled precise genetic modification, resulting in soybeans with improved oil composition, increased isoflavone content and resistance to biotic stresses. RNA interference has successfully modulated gene expression to optimize nutritional properties and stress responses. These molecular breeding approaches overcome the limitations of traditional methods by shortening the breeding cycle and allowing for simultaneous improvement of multiple traits. The integration of these complementary techniques offers promising avenues for developing climate-resilient, high-yielding soybean varieties with improved nutritional profiles to address global food security challenges.