Abstract
The undertaking of distant hybridization holds paramount significance for the innovation of tea germplasm resources and the cultivation of superior, specialized tea varieties. However, challenges manifest during the process of tea plant distant hybridization breeding, with reproductive barriers impeding the successful acquisition of hybrid progeny; the precise stages at which these barriers occur remain unclear. In this study, utilizing Camellia sinensis cv. Jinxuan as the maternal parent, as well as C. gymnogyna Chang and C. sinensis cv. Yinghong No.9 as the paternal parents, interspecific distant hybridization (DH) and intraspecific hybridization (IH) were conducted. The investigation involved the observation of pollen germination and pollen tube behavior on the stigma, the scrutiny of the developmental dynamics of the ovary post-hybridization, and the examination of the stages and reasons for reproductive disorders during tea tree distant hybridization. The findings indicate that both IH and DH exhibit pre-fertilization barriers. The pre-embryonic development of hybrids obtained from DH is normal, but there is a significant fruit drop during the stage of fruit development. The germination rate of mature seeds obtained from DH is low, and there are pronounced post-fertilization disorders, which are the primary reasons for the difficulty in achieving successful tea plant distant hybridization. An analysis of the genetic variation in phenotypes and chemical components in the progeny after distant hybridization revealed widespread variation and rich genetic diversity. The identification of progeny with a high amino acid and caffeine content holds promise for future production and breeding, providing valuable theoretical references for the selection of parents in the creation of low-caffeine-content tea germplasm resources.