Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat poses a major challenge to global food security due to its negative impact on grain yield and quality. In the present study, we conducted the validation of previously published markers or functional markers associated with PHS resistance in a panel of 200 wheat cultivars adapted to Southeastern European conditions. In field experiments conducted in four environments in Croatia, the germination index (GI) was assessed, and significant genetic, environmental, and genotype-environment interactions were detected. The broad-sense heritability for GI was high (0.86), confirming the predominant role of genetic factors in determining PHS resistance. Twenty-two polymorphic SNP markers were analyzed for their effects on GI, of which nine markers from chromosomes 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, and 7B showed significant genotypic effects across environments, especially TaMKK3-A and wsnp_Ex_rep_c66324_64493429. In addition, nine marker combinations were identified, which showed significant differences in GI between allele combinations. Overall, this study elucidates the genetic basis of PHS resistance in wheat cultivars adapted to the agro-climatic conditions of Southeast Europe and provides insights for marker-assisted breeding strategies to improve PHS resistance.