Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important characteristics of plant evolution. Within a seed, the embryo, which will grow into a plant, can survive harsh environments. When the seeds are mature, the mother plant will disperse them from its body, allowing them to be taken away to grow in a new place. Otherwise, if the young generation grows alongside the mother plants in the same place, they will compete for sunlight and nutrition. The mother plants use different strategies to send away their seeds. One of these strategies is endozoochory, which means that the seeds disperse via ingestion by animals. There is a conflict between the seeds' abilities to attract animals and protect the embryo within the digestion systems of animals. Magnolia seeds exhibit typical endozoochory. The seed coats of Magnolia feature sarcotestas and sclerotestas. The sarcotesta, which is fleshy, bright-colored, and edible, attracts animals. The sclerotesta is hard and woody, protecting the embryo from the digestive systems of animals. In this study, we used scanning electron and light microscopes to examine the development of the sarcotesta and sclerotesta of Magnolia stellata seed coats. The results showed that the sarcotesta and sclerotesta come from the outer integument. This result confirms the hypothesis of Asa Gray from 1848. The dependence of the seed dispersal strategy on structural development is discussed.