Abstract
The combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers has been recognized as a critical factor driving significant changes in crop yield and nutrient use efficiency, holding the potential to optimize agricultural management to achieve high yields. In this 40-year study, we investigated the effect of manure amendment on soybean and maize yields, water and nitrogen use efficiencies (WUE and NUE), and water and mineral N storage at 0-100 cm soil depths from 2017 to 2018 to explore the optimization of fertilization management strategies for soybean and maize production in Northeast China. To elucidate the impact of chemical fertilizers and manure, twelve treatments-control (CK); single N fertilizer at a low rate (N(1)) and that at a high rate (N(2)); N(1), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer (N(1)PK); manure alone at 13.5 and 27 t ha(-1) (M(1) and M(2)); and those combined with N, P, or K fertilizer (M(1)N(1), M(1)N(2), and M(1)N(1)PK and M(2)N(1), M(2)N(2), and M(2)N(1)PK)-were selected and studied. The results showed that long-term amendment with manure significantly increased crop biomass and yield in the soybean-maize-maize rotation system. Combining with manure increased the WUE, the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFP(N)), and N physiological efficiency (PE(N)) in both the soybean and maize seasons; conserved soil water (mainly at 40-60 cm); and increased soil N retention (in the upper 60 cm layer), which reduced the risk of N leaching, with a better effect being observed after the application of 13.5 t ha(-1) manure. These results provide insight into the potential of using fertilization management strategies that include amendment with 13.5 t ha(-1) manure in combination with N, P, and K fertilizer in the maize season and only chemical fertilizer in the soybean season, as these results indicate that such strategies can achieve high yields and be used to implement agricultural sustainable development in brown soil regions in Northeast China.