Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) plays a significant role in plant responses and adaptation to abiotic stresses. However, the XTH gene family in Camellia oleifera remains largely unknown. Herein, 31 CoXTH genes from the C. oleifera genome, which were clustered into four evolutionary groups, were identified. Notably, CoXTH1, CoXTH6, CoXTH14, CoXTH28, and CoXTH31 showed significant upregulation under drought stress, suggesting their importance in stress responses. Furthermore, heterologous expression of CoXTH1, CoXTH14, and CoXTH28 in yeast improved yeast survival under drought stress. Overexpressing CoXTH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly enhanced drought tolerance, characterized by improved seedling growth, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Notably, transgenic expression of CoXTH1 significantly elevated the contents of xyloglucan, leading to increased cellulose, and hemicellulose contents in the plants. The elevated hemicellulose and cellulose strengthen the cell wall structure, maintaining cellular integrity and stability, and improving plant drought tolerance. These findings lay a foundation for understanding the functional roles of CoXTH genes and highlight CoXTH1 as a potential candidate gene for improving drought tolerance in C. oleifera and other woody crops.