Abstract
The effects of low-intensity ultrasound on plants such as piezoelectric and ultrasonic water baths, on plants have been extensively studied. However, the specific effect of airborne ultrasound on plant cells has yet to be reported. The present study was conducted to elucidate the physiological responses of plant cells to airborne US. Homogeneous suspension-cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Burley 21) were subjected to airborne US at 24 kHz in two pulsatile and continuous modes for 10 and 20 s. The study's outcome revealed that airborne US triggered the production of H(2)O(2), elevated internal calcium concentration, and reduced antioxidant capacity upon cavitation. Alteration of covalently bound peroxidase and other wall-modifying enzyme activities was accompanied by reduced cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose B but increased lignin and hemicellulose A. The biomass and viability of tobacco cells were also significantly decreased by airborne US, which ultimately resulting in PCD and secondary necrosis. The results highlight the potential risks of even short-time exposure to the airborne US on plant physiology and cell wall chemical composition raising significant concerns about its implications.