Abstract
Social interactions, spending time together, and relationships are important for individuals' well-being, with people feeling happier when they spend more time with others. So far, most information about the frequency and duration of spending time together is based on self-report questionnaires. Although recent technological innovations have stimulated the development of objective approaches for measuring physical proximity in humans in everyday life, these methods still have substantial limitations. Here we present a novel method, using Bluetooth low-energy beacons and a smartphone application, to measure the frequency and duration of dyads being in close proximity in daily life. This method can also be used to link the frequency and duration of proximity to the quality of interactions, by using proximity-triggered questionnaires. We examined the use of this novel method by exploring proximity patterns of family interactions among 233 participants (77 Dutch families, with 77 adolescents [M(age) = 15.9] and 145 parents [M(age) = 48.9]) for 14 consecutive days. Overall, proximity-based analyses indicated that adolescents were more often and longer in proximity to mothers than to fathers, with large differences between families in frequency and duration. Proximity-triggered evaluations of the interactions and parenting behavior were generally positive for both fathers and mothers. This innovative method is a promising tool that can be broadly used in other social contexts to yield new and more detailed insights into social proximity in daily life.