Abstract
In humans, support from partners and alloparents is crucial for successful child-rearing and optimal child development. However, the complex relationships among childcare support, children's outcomes and parental characteristics have not been fully examined. We investigate how three sources of partner and alloparental support-partner's childcare participation, support from children's grandparents and support from non-kin-can be associated with child social development. We hypothesize that the associations between childcare support from partners/alloparents and child social development are partly mediated by parental psychological condition and parenting style. To test this, we conducted path analyses on online survey data collected in 2016 from parents of 3- to 5-year-old children in Japan. We found no evidence that childcare support had direct positive effects on child social development. Rather, the benefit of childcare support was mediated by its effects on parental psychological condition and parenting style, which in turn improved children's outcomes. At the same time, we found some evidence that greater availability of childcare support was directly associated with more behavioural difficulties in children. Our findings reveal the complex pathways between childcare support, parental characteristics and children's outcomes in Japan, showing potential mechanisms behind parental and alloparental effects in industrialized populations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'.