Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the earliest and most widely cultivated vegetable crops worldwide. While the large and complex genome of pepper severely hampered the understanding of its functional genome, it also indicates a rich yet unexplored reservoir of regulatory elements (REs). In fact, variations in the REs represent a major driving force in evolution and domestication in both plants and animals. However, identification of the REs remains difficult especially for plants with complex genomes. RESULTS: Here, we present a comprehensive epigenomic landscape of Capsicum annuum, Zhangshugang (ST-8), including chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and transcriptome. We also develop comparative crosslinked immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry to reveal the proteome associated with certain chromatin features. Through integrated analysis of these epigenetic features, we profile promoters and enhancers involved in development, heat stress and cucumber mosaic virus challenges. We generate stress responsive expression networks composed of potential transcription activators and their target genes. Through population genetics analysis, we demonstrate that some regulatory elements show lower nucleotide diversity compare to other genomic regions during evolution. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that variations in the REs may contribute to more diversified and agronomically desired phenotypes. Our study provides a foundation not only for studying gene regulation, but also for targeted genetic and epigenetic manipulation for pepper improvement.