Abstract
Evolutionary experiments provide a unique lens through which to observe the impacts of natural selection on crop evolution, domestication, and adaptation through empirical evidence. Enabled by modern technologies-such as the development of large-scale, structured evolving populations, high-throughput phenotyping, and genomics-driven genetics studies-the transition from theoretical evolutionary biology to practical application is now possible for staple crops. The century-long Barley Composite Cross II (CCII) competition experiment has offered invaluable insights into understanding the genomic and phenotypic basis of natural and artificial selection driven by environmental adaptation during crop evolution and domestication. These experiments enable scientists to measure evolutionary dynamics, in real time, of genetic diversity, adaptation of fitness-associated traits, and the trade-offs inherent in selective processes. Beyond advancing our understanding of evolutionary biology and agricultural practices, these studies provide critical insights into addressing global challenges, from ensuring food security to fostering resilience in human societies.