Abstract
Migration conveys many benefits to species, ecosystems, and people but relies upon connected landscapes. Anthropogenic development can present barriers for migrants, but many barriers are semi-permeable, allowing unhindered or delayed passage. We used a modified version of the Barrier Behavior Analysis (BaBA) to investigate seasonal movement responses to five roads in northwestern Alaska by adult female Western Arctic Herd caribou (Rangifer tarandus) from 2009 to 2024. Our analyses revealed some altered movement in response to all focal roads. We found that the roads were semi-permeable barriers to movement, with altered behaviors including bouncing away, moving back-and-forth, and tracing along roads. Overall, 63.1% of collared animals encountered (entered a road-specific buffer) at least one focal road. Of these, 61.5% displayed altered movements. At the scale of individual encounters with roads, we found altered movement in 27.1% of road encounters. Most encounters occurred during fall migration and caribou with altered behavior spent an average of 9.4 days longer near focal roads than those with unaltered movement. Altered movements were balanced among the behavioral responses. Most altered movements occurred near the Red Dog mining road (60.3%) or during fall migration (51.9%) but lasted longest during winter (17.2 days on average). We confirm prior findings of altered fall movements near the Red Dog road and demonstrate that movement behavior is also altered around other roads and in other seasons. Nonetheless, many collared caribou did not display altered movements in response to roads, emphasizing the need for further research to understand the mechanistic drivers of caribou movement responses. Given increasing pressures for infrastructure development and global challenges facing migratory species, it is critical to identify mitigation measures and inform management decisions seeking to balance responsible development with conservation of natural systems, including migratory species and the people that rely upon them.