Abstract
BACKGROUND: With over $50 billion spent annually in the United Sates (U.S.) on patients with chronic kidney diseases, and an incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Asian Americans that is 1.5 times higher than in Caucasians, there is a compelling need to improve symptom management strategies for this population. AIMS: 1) To identify common, bothersome symptoms and both Eastern and Western symptom-management strategies in older Chinese-American ESRD patients. 2) To validate the effectiveness of these symptom-management strategies through literature review and an expert panel. METHODS: 1) Older Chinese-Americans were surveyed to assess common ESRD symptoms and management strategies. 2) An umbrella review of patients' symptom-management strategies was conducted, and findings were confirmed by experts. RESULTS: 1) Thirty Chinese-American ESRD patients with an average age of 80 (SD = 13.08) reported strategies to manage fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, dyspnea, anxiety, nausea and vomiting, constipation, and pruritus. 2) A total of 55 studies were included in the umbrella review. Evidence of varying quality and confirmation by experts supported the effectiveness of 33 symptom-management strategies used by Chinese-American ESRD patients. CONCLUSION: Further study is needed to understand why Chinese-American patients, on average, reported fewer symptoms compared with the general population but scored lower on quality of life measures; to validate reported amelioration strategies; to explore strategy effectiveness; and to uncover additional symptoms and strategies among older Chinese-Americans living with ESRD.