Abstract
Cartilage regeneration presents unique challenges due to its avascular structure, sparse cell population, and limited regenerative capacity. Recent years have seen significant advancements in the field, which warrant an integrated review that connects chondrogenesis and its practical application. This review aims to deliver comprehensive and analytical guidelines for understanding the complex process of chondrogenesis, emphasizing its critical role in cartilage regeneration. It reviews key inducers such as growth factors, mechanical stimuli, hypoxia, and electric fields, as well as their synergistic integration with biomaterials to facilitate effective strategies for repairing and regenerating damaged cartilage tissue. In addition to exploring these advancements, the paper also provides a critical evaluation of current methods used to assess chondrogenesis in in vitro and in vivo models, identifying gaps and possibilities for improvement. A particular focus is placed on addressing the translational challenges that hinder the clinical implementation of cutting-edge research findings, offering actionable strategies to bridge the gap between laboratory discoveries and patient outcomes. By examining emerging trends and consolidating recent innovations, this review aims to offer a holistic perspective on cartilage repair. It serves as a guide for researchers and clinicians, advocating for collaborative, interdisciplinary approaches to advance the field and deliver improved therapeutic solutions for cartilage-related conditions.