Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine storms (CS) in COVID-19 patients are associated with elevated levels of 13 specific cytokines, potentially impacting male fertility by causing testicular cell damage and disrupting the immune microenvironment. Some patients present with scrotal discomfort and orchitis. However, few studies have explored cytokine expression in testicular cells and their role in cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we integrated single-cell sequencing data sets of testicular cells, annotating 20 cell clusters using marker genes and the Human Cell Landscape database. We constructed cell pseudo-chronological trajectories, hub genes, and analyzed the cytokine interaction network between sperm cells using CellChat. Our findings identified 12 types of testicular cells, with four cytokines (IL8, CCL2, CCL3, and TNF) potentially involved in immune processes. Pseudo-chronological trajectory analysis indicated IL8 and CCL3's essential roles in testicular macrophages and endothelial cell development, affecting the immune microenvironment. We determined eight key cytokines (IL1, IL2, IL4, IL6, CCL, CSF3, TNF, and IFN-II) functions in cell interaction networks. Network analysis of exogenous cytokines directly acting on testicular cells showed IL2 potentially affecting all testicular cells, suggesting a vital role in cell communication. This research offers valuable insights into CSs effects on testicular cells and their potential impact on male fertility during COVID-19 infection.