Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The resurgence of Nipah virus (NiV) in Kerala, India, represents a significant public health challenge. This paper aims to explore ongoing challenges associated with NiV transmission, focusing on environmental factors, healthcare responses, and shifts in clinical manifestations. We also highlight the critical need for proactive management strategies to prevent future outbreaks, given the virus's zoonotic nature and evolving transmission dynamics. METHODS: A search was conducted using keywords such as "Nipah virus," "Kerala," and "bats" in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and trusted news sources. Articles and reports were selected based on their relevance to NiV transmission, clinical presentation, and containment efforts, particularly concerning recent outbreaks in Kerala. RESULTS: Recent outbreaks have shown atypical respiratory presentations, complicating early detection and increasing the importance of healthcare containment. The virus's clustering within specific regions and the emergence of a new genotype underscore the need for enhanced surveillance. CONCLUSION: The frequent NIV outbreaks in Kerala demand a multifaceted approach to prevention. Early detection systems, public awareness campaigns, and rigorous environmental management are essential. Collaborative efforts between government and public health entities are paramount to mitigate the impact of this deadly virus. Continuous research is imperative to safeguard public health.