Abstract
This study introduces a neural network-based approach to predict dust emissions, specifically PM2.5 particles, during almond harvesting in California. Using a feedforward neural network (FNN), this research predicted PM2.5 emissions by analyzing key operational parameters of an advanced almond harvester. Preprocessing steps like outlier removal and normalization were employed to refine the dataset for training. The network's architecture was designed with two hidden layers and optimized using tanh activation and MSE loss functions through the Adam algorithm, striking a balance between model complexity and predictive accuracy. The model was trained on extensive field data from an almond pickup system, including variables like brush speed, angular velocity, and harvester forward speed. The results demonstrate a notable predictive accuracy of the FNN model, with a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.02 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.01, indicating high precision in forecasting PM2.5 levels. By integrating machine learning with agricultural practices, this research provides a significant tool for environmental management in almond production, offering a method to reduce harmful emissions while maintaining operational efficiency. This model presents a solution for the almond industry and sets a precedent for applying predictive analytics in sustainable agriculture.