Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus can usually be distinguished by standard microbiological methods (e.g., motility, hemolysis, penicillin susceptibility and susceptibility to gamma phage) and PCR. However, we have identified 23 Bacillus spp. isolates that gave discrepant results when assayed by standard microbiological methods and PCR. We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST), and phenotypic analysis to characterize these isolates, determine if they cluster phylogenetically and establish whether standard microbiological identification or PCR were associated with false positive/negative results. RESULTS: Six isolates were LRN real-time PCR-positive but resistant to gamma phage; MLVA data supported the identification of these isolates as gamma phage-resistant B. anthracis. Seventeen isolates were LRN real-time PCR-negative but susceptible to gamma phage lysis; these isolates appear to be a group of unusual gamma phage-susceptible B. cereus isolates that are closely related to each other and to B. anthracis. All six B. anthracis MLVA chromosomal loci were amplified from one unusual gamma phage-susceptible, motile, B. cereus isolate (although the amplicons were atypical sizes), and when analyzed phylogenetically, clustered with B. anthracis by MLST. CONCLUSION: MLVA and MLST aided in the identification of these isolates when standard microbiological methods and PCR could not definitely identify or rule out B. anthracis. This study emphasized the need to perform multiple tests when attempting to identify B. anthracis since relying on a single assay remains problematic due to the diverse nature of bacteria.