Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as key immune components of the TME, play a pivotal role in tumor progression by fostering an immunosuppressive environment. Programmed death 1 (PD-1), a critical immune checkpoint molecule predominantly expressed on T cells, mediates immune suppression by binding to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence reveals that TAMs also express PD-1, however, the expression and functional regulatory mechanisms of PD-1 on TAM remain poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, we combined bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to investigate the association between PD-1 expression on macrophages and patient prognosis, while also uncovering the molecular mechanisms by which PD-1 regulates macrophage function. To further investigate the role of PD-1 in macrophage activity, we established a fluorescence-labeled tumor-bearing mouse model using CT26 cells, a murine colorectal cancer cell line, to evaluate the relationship between PD-1 expression on TAMs and their phagocytic activity as well as other functions. Additionally, to mimic the TME in vitro, we cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with CT26-conditioned medium (CT26-CM). RESULTS: Our results suggest that PD-1 expression on TAMs drives macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype, suppresses their phagocytic activity, inhibits the synthesis of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling molecules, and ultimately promotes tumor progression. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PD-1 regulates the synthesis of IFN-γ signaling molecules and the polarization of M2-type macrophages in BMDMs through the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Overall, our study demonstrates that PD-1 expression on TAMs facilitates the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, ultimately accelerating tumor progression. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.