Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are common severe complications observed in elderly patients following surgery, primarily characterized by a decline in postoperative cognitive function and memory. Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist, has garnered increasing attention due to its notable neuroprotective properties. This article comprehensively reviews the multifaceted neuroprotective mechanisms of dexmedetomidine in the prevention and management of PNDs, encompassing inhibition of neuroinflammation, mitigation of oxidative stress, reduction of cellular apoptosis, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, and regulation of metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, this review delves into the clinical translational applications and future research directions of dexmedetomidine, offering a theoretical foundation for the development of more efficacious strategies in the prevention and treatment of PNDs.