Abstract
Herpes B virus (BV) is enzootic to macaques and represents a significant zoonotic threat to humans. In macaques, the viral infection is typically latent and asymptomatic, however, BV can become a deadly neurotropic infection in humans, commonly leading to encephalomyelitis. Although seroprevalence among macaques is widespread, particularly in wild-caught or laboratory-maintained populations, zoonotic transmission has remained rare since the first documented case. The limited host range of BV contrasts with its ability to cross species barriers under specific conditions. Diagnostic challenges and delayed symptom onset can interrupt early detection and antiviral treatment. Thus, BV is a paramount concern in the context of primate research and captive animal care. Consequently, this threat will require international collaboration, comprehensive surveillance, and continued researches to prevent zoonotic transmission and maintain safe primate research environments.