Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a significant public health challenge with a rising global burden. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between herpes zoster (HZ) and an increased risk of AD. These findings indicate that HZ may contribute to neuroinflammation and other pathophysiological processes associated with AD, pointing out the potential role of the virus infection in the initiation and/or progression of AD pathology. Objective: This systematic review evaluates the relationships between HZ and the risk of AD, highlighting the potential neuroprotective role of HZ vaccination and antiherpetic drug (AHD) use. Methods: Adhering to the (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of databases (e.g., PubMed) until October 2024 was conducted. Observational studies reporting risk estimates were included. Extracted data were synthesized and analyzed narratively due to study heterogeneity. Results: Eleven studies (out of two hundred) met the inclusion criteria, offering preliminary insights that could form a foundation for further investigation. Reports on HZ showed mixed outcomes, with some studies suggesting a potential increased risk of AD, while others showed no clear correlation. Interestingly, HZ vaccination led to a potential preventive role in reducing the risk of AD, with risk estimates ranging from 0.57 to 0.99. Additionally, the use of AHDs was linked to a reduced risk of AD, with risk estimates ranging from 0.65 to 0.96. Conclusions: Published findings suggest that HZ vaccination and AHD use could represent potential interventions to reduce the risk of AD; however, further research is necessary to validate these findings and better understand the underlying protective mechanisms.