Abstract
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate intake, its type and characteristics including glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may be associated with the risk of pancreatic steatosis (PS), but there is no conclusive evidence. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the intake of carbohydrates, GI and GL were associated with an increased risk of PS. METHODS: To conduct this study, 278 patients with common bile duct stones (CBD) underwent endoscopic ultrasound, including 89 patients with PS (case group) and 189 healthy individuals (control group). In addition to demographic and anthropometric information, a 168-item questionnaire of food frequency was completed to calculate GL and GI. RESULTS: With the increase of GI and GL, the number of patients with PS increased significantly (P = 0.013, P < 0.001, respectively) and the risk of PS increased significantly. A similar increase in risk of PS was found with increased risk of carbohydrate, simple sugar and fructose intake. After adjusting all the confounders, the risk of PS with increasing simple sugar and fructose intake was 4.3 times (OR (T3 vs. T1) = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.7-10.6, P trend < 0.001) and 5.3 times (OR (T3 vs. T1) = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.2-12.9, P trend < 0.001), respectively, compared to the first tertile. Conversely, increased fiber intake showed a reverse association with the PS, so that those in the second and third tertiles of fiber intake were 84% (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05-0.45) and 87% (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04-0.39) less at risk of developing PS, respectively (P trend = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis of direct associations between GI and GL increased risk of PS.