Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is enhanced in GSC compared to their differentiated progeny. IR-induced dedifferentiation in GBM cells occurs via an early metabolic shift to OXPHOS. IR-induced metabolic shift links CA9 induction, extracellular acidification, and stemness. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40478-025-02161-2.