Abstract
The potential of lignosulfonates as widely underutilized byproducts of the pulp and paper industry for the synthesis of a biodegradable pesticide carrier system was assessed in this study. Design of experiment software MODDE Pro was for the first time applied to optimize lignosulfonate granule production using Myceliophthora thermophila laccase as a biocatalyst. Enzymatic cross-linking was monitored using size exclusion chromatography coupled online to multiangle laser light scattering, viscosity measurement, and enzyme activity. The determined optimal and experimentally confirmed incubation conditions were: 33 °C, 30 cm3/min O2 supply, and 190 min reaction time. The granules were thereafter loaded with 2 g/kg 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dicamba), a broad-spectrum herbicide. According to the HPLC analysis, complete release of Dicamba was achieved after 48 h of release. This study showed the green production of a 100% lignosulfonate-based biodegradable solid carrier with potential application in agriculture.