Abstract
Racism as social determinant of health significantly affects Indigenous women's maternal healthcare access. This study uses Jones' 'Three Levels of Racism' theory and an intersectional lens to explore how racism shapes the experience of maternal health care access among Garo Indigenous women in Bangladesh. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 women of diverse backgrounds and pregnancy statuses using snowball sampling. Thematic analysis, incorporating inductive and deductive approaches, was employed for data analysis. The findings reveal a significant deviation from Jones' theory regarding the level of internalized racism within the specific context of Garo Indigenous women's experiences. Jones' theory usually focuses on how racism is internalized due to institutional and personally-mediated factors. On the contrary, this study uncovers a unique theme: 'women agency.' This theme emerges as a robust response among the Garo Indigenous women to their encounters with institutional and personally-mediated racism, highlighting their cultural resistance and resilience. The findings suggest that the complex relationship between these two forms of racism contributes to the strengthening of agency among Garo Indigenous women. Their agency stems from avoiding hospitals that disrespect their culture, manifesting their cultural resistance practice against the encountered racism at the institutional and relational levels. To increase biomedical healthcare access among Garo Indigenous women, it is recommended to address racism through intercultural competency training with the 'cultural safety' 'cultural humility' approach. This approach would foster inclusivity and empowerment, recognizing the agency of Garo women in healthcare decisions. Additionally, it would facilitate constructive dialogues between clinicians and Garo Indigenous women, acknowledging the shared experiences of racism within the latter group.