Abstract
Direct detection of biomarkers from unpurified whole blood has been a challenge for label-free detection platforms, such as photonic crystal slabs (PCS). A wide range of measurement concepts for PCS exist, but exhibit technical limitations, which render them unsuitable for label-free biosensing with unfiltered whole blood. In this work, we single out the requirements for a label-free point-of-care setup based on PCS and present a wavelength selecting concept by angle tuning of an optical interference filter, which fulfills these requirements. We investigate the limit of detection (LOD) for bulk refractive index changes and obtain a value of 3.4 E-4 refractive index units (RIU). We demonstrate label-free multiplex detection for different types of immobilization entities, including aptamers, antigens, and simple proteins. For this multiplex setup we detect thrombin at a concentration of 6.3 µg/ml, antibodies of glutathione S-transferase (GST) diluted by a factor of 250, and streptavidin at a concentration of 33 µg/ml. In a first proof of principle experiment, we demonstrate the ability to detect immunoglobulins G (IgG) from unfiltered whole blood. These experiments are conducted directly in the hospital without temperature control of the photonic crystal transducer surface or the blood sample. We set the detected concentration levels into a medical frame of reference and point out possible applications.