Abstract
AIMS: Diabetes is a global public health crisis, especially when it is accompanied by microvascular complications such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the combined lifestyle factors of diabetes patients and their joint effects with genetic risk and the risk of DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included individuals diagnosed with diabetes at baseline from UK Biobank. Their lifestyle information was collected through a baseline questionnaire. Favorable lifestyle scores were constructed based on 5 common lifestyle factors and categorized into three levels. Genetic susceptibility to CKD was estimated by polygenic risk scores and further categorized into high, and low genetic risk categories. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for their associations. RESULTS: By the end of follow-up, 1335 of 11 981 diabetes patients progressed to diabetes nephropathy. The COX regression results indicate that BMI ≥ 25 mg/m(2) and current or past smoking were risk factors for DKD, while alcohol consumption and moderate to high-intensity pysical exercise were protective factors. High genetic risk is significantly associated with increased risk of DKD (HR1.29, 95% CI 1.13-1.47, p < 0.001), while a favorable lifestyle had a protective effect (HR0.47, 95% CI 0.37-0.59, p < 0.001). Interaction analysis shows that there was neither additive nor multiplicative interaction between genetic risk and lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle factors and genetics are independently associated with susceptibility to incident DKD. A healthy lifestyle may attenuate elevated DKD risks due to genetic vulnerability.