Abstract
Most people in the United States have been exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) which have been linked to a wide array of adverse health conditions in adults and children. The consumption of contaminated drinking water is an important human exposure pathway to PFAS. Residential sources also contribute to PFAS exposure through dermal contact and ingestion of house dust, which acts as an aggregate of chemicals from sources like furnishing materials and consumer products. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) conducted the first nationwide survey of residential hazards called the American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS) in 2005, followed by a second survey (AHHS II) in 2017. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collaborated with HUD on both efforts and subsequently analyzed PFAS in household tap water and house dust collected from the same homes during the AHHS II study. This study leverages these paired samples to investigate potentially important exposure sources and pathways in the residential environment. Here we report results for paired household tap water and house dust samples from 241 homes for 13 and 16 PFAS chemicals, respectively. All 13 targeted chemicals were detected in the household tap water samples with detections ranging from 100 % for PFBS to 1 % for PFNS, and all 16 targeted chemicals were detected in the house dust samples with detections ranging from 97 % for PFOA to 9 % for PFNS. Four chemicals (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFHpA) were measured above the limit of detection in at least 50 % of the samples in both media. All households had at least one of the targeted PFAS detected in both their tap water and house dust. Results provided evidence that geographical factors, such as proximity to ambient contamination sources, were main drivers of PFAS contamination in tap water, while PFAS contamination in house dust was driven mainly by within-home sources. Exposure estimates calculated from the measured PFAS concentrations highlight the importance of addressing potential sources of exposure to PFAS within homes in addition to ambient sources affecting communities' drinking water, particularly to reduce children's exposure to these chemicals.