Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based instruction in improving second language (L2) speaking skills and speaking self-regulation in a natural setting. The research was conducted with 93 Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) students, randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving AI-based instruction or a control group receiving traditional instruction. METHODS: The AI-based instruction leveraged the Duolingo application, incorporating natural language processing technology, interactive exercises, personalized feedback, and speech recognition technology. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess L2 speaking skills and self-regulation abilities. RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated that the experimental group, which received AI-based instruction, exhibited significantly greater improvement in L2 speaking skills compared to the control group. Moreover, participants in the experimental group reported higher levels of self-regulation. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that AI-based instruction effectively enhances L2 speaking skills and fosters self-regulatory processes among language learners, highlighting the potential of AI technology to optimize language learning experiences and promote learners' autonomy and metacognitive strategies in the speaking domain. However, further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and specific mechanisms underlying these observed improvements.