Abstract
Noxious particulate matter in the air is a primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The bronchial tree acts to filter these materials in the air and preserve the integrity of the bronchi. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that smoking and air pollutants are the most prominent risk factors of COPD. Bifurcations in the airway may act as deposition sites for the retention of inhaled particles, however, little is known concerning the impacts of abnormalities of the bronchial anatomy in the pathogenesis of COPD. Studies have reported significant associations between bronchial variations and the symptoms in COPD. In particular, it has been shown that bronchial variations in the central airway tree may contribute to the development of COPD. In this review, we identified three common types of bronchial variation that were used to formulate a unifying hypothesis to explain how bronchial variations contribute to the development of COPD. We also investigated the current evidence for the involvement of specific genes including fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) in the formation of bronchial variation. Finally, we highlight novel assessment strategies and opportunities for future research of bronchial variations and genetic susceptibility in COPD and comorbidities. Our data strongly highlight the role of bronchial variations in the development, complications, and acute exacerbation of COPD.