Abstract
BACKGROUND: Telesurgery has been made increasingly possible with the advancements in robotic surgical platforms and network connectivity. However, long-distance transnational complex robotic surgeries such as gastrectomy have yet to be attempted. METHODS: Multiple transnational network connections by Science Innovation Network (SINET), Japan Gigabit Network (JGN), and Arterial Research and Education Network in Asia-Pacific (ARENA-PAC) were established and tested by multiple surgeons in a dry box model. Surgeons' perceptions of the different networks were recorded. Three robotic radical D2 gastrectomies in live porcine models were performed at a hospital in Toyoake, Japan, by a surgical team in a hospital in Singapore ~5000 km away, using the hinotori Surgical Robot System (Medicaroid Corporation). RESULTS: The live porcine robotic gastrectomies were all completed in under 205 min with no intraoperative complications. From the different networks that were tested, the differences in latency ranged from 107 to 132 ms and did not translate to any significant differences in surgeon timings and perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: Transnational telesurgical radical D2 gastrectomy is feasible in a porcine model. There is no appreciable difference between surgeon performance and perception with network latencies of 107-132 ms. Long-range telesurgery as clinical practice may become possible in the future.