Abstract
Implementation of routine cancer screening accompanied by treatment of early stage disease is paramount to realizing reductions in cancer mortality rates. While morphologic assessment of relevant cells has traditionally been used to identify individuals with cancer, this approach is not feasible to identify cancers at inaccessible sites, such as the ovary or pancreas. For these and many other cancers, cancer mortality remains high, as sensitive and specific screening assays to detect in-situ or early stage disease are as yet unavailable. Identification of novel markers for early identification of cancer is an established priority of the National Cancer Institute. The rapid expansion of genomic-based technologies developed over the last decade, and the development of sensitive and specific blood-based assays for the detection of molecular changes associated with cancer, begin to offer the means for achieving this goal. Below, we review current approaches used in the effort to identify biomarkers appropriate for early cancer detection.